4/7/2023 0 Comments Cpr injury 2019 journaly![]() ![]() showed that an 88-km ultra-marathon could lead to an increase in C-reactive protein, which is associated with heart attack. This scenario could predispose to a sudden death. Knechtle and Nikolaidis reviewed the physiology and pathophysiology of ultra-marathon running and verified that this type of sport could lead to an increase in creatine-kinase concentration (this enzyme may be a marker of heart damage) and negatively impacts other cardiac biomarkers such as troponin I, electro-, and echocardiograph activities. It is important to note that sports with these characteristics of extreme physical effort could negatively impact the health status. In highly demanding sports in terms of volume and intensity in training and competitions, such as the marathon, triathlon, and ultra-marathon, there is great heterogeneity on the etiology and frequency of sudden death. However, the frequency of sudden death among athletes varies and depends on sample size, sex, training level, type of sport, target population, geographical area, and definition of the condition. Overall, the percentage of sudden deaths occurring during or immediately after exercise is approximately 5%, being higher among peoples with 35 years of age or older. It should be noted that heart disease is the leading cause of sudden death among athletes who are usually asymptomatic victims. However, when it occurs, it is a cause of consternation and “shocks the general public”, because it is “inadmissible” that elite athletes, who are considered “health models” for the sport spectators, die abruptly. The annual incidence of sudden death (related to cardiac disorders) in athletes is lower than in general population. It has been demonstrated in general population that CA Brazilian victims treated for one year in the emergency room presented a high mortality rate (96%) and the occurrence of CA might be associated with other comorbidities such as stress, anxiety, and drugs. Sudden death associated with cardiac arrest (CA) represents one of the major challenges for emergency and rehabilitation medicine due to the large number of cases, and their social, economic impact, high morbidity, and mortality. The beneficial role of sports for health has been widely acknowledged however, sports participation is not without risks, and consequently, the development of safe conditions for athletes should be a major task for practitioners (e.g., coaches, physicians) working with them. ![]() Thus, the purpose of this review is to provide for health professionals and lay people the most updated information, based on current guidelines, of how to proceed in an emergency situation associated with sudden CA of young adult athletes. This includes preparation of health professionals and lay people in basic life support (BLS) screening and pre-participation assessment in sport programs and health education and promotion for the recognition of CA and early completion of BLS and rapid access to automatic external defibrillator to improve the victim survival/prognosis. Thus, considering the exponential increase in sport participation, both in a recreational or competitive way, and the rate of sudden CA, knowledge of implementing prevention and treatment strategies is crucial. The present review found that sudden death associated with CA was not such a common event in competitive athletes, but it might be an underestimated event in recreational athletes. Although the practice of sport participation improves general health, physical fitness, and quality of life, intense physical exercise can be a trigger for CA and sudden death occasionally in the presence of known or unknown cardiac disorders (mainly hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) and risk factors (environment, health style, family, and genetic). ![]() ![]() The sudden cardiac arrest (CA) and death of athletes are dramatic and emotionally impacting events for health professionals, family, and society. ![]()
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